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使用 prometheus python 库编写自定义指标的方法(完整代码)

虽然 prometheus 已有大量可直接使用的 exporter 可供使用,以满足收集不同的监控指标的需要。例如,node exporter 可以收集机器 cpu,内存等指标,cadvisor 可以收集容器指标。然而,如果需要收集一些定制化的指标,还是需要我们编写自定义的指标。

本文讲述如何使用 prometheus python 客户端库和 flask 编写 prometheus 自定义指标。

安装依赖库

我们的程序依赖于flask 和prometheus client 两个库,其 requirements.txt 内容如下:

flask==1.1.2
prometheus-client==0.8.0

运行 flask

我们先使用 flask web 框架将 /metrics 接口运行起来,再往里面添加指标的实现逻辑。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/metrics')
def hello():
 return 'metrics'

if __name__ == '__main__':
 app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

打开浏览器,输入 http://127.0.0.1:5000/metrics,按下回车后浏览器显示 metrics 字符。

编写指标

Prometheus 提供四种指标类型,分别为 Counter,Gauge,Histogram 和 Summary。

Counter

Counter 指标只增不减,可以用来代表处理的请求数量,处理的任务数量,等。

可以使用 Counter 定义一个 counter 指标:

counter = Counter('my_counter', 'an example showed how to use counter')

其中,my_counter 是 counter 的名称,an example showed how to use counter 是对该 counter 的描述。

使用 counter 完整的代码如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask, Response
from prometheus_client import Counter, generate_latest
app = Flask(__name__)
counter = Counter('my_counter', 'an example showed how to use counter')

@app.route('/metrics')
def hello():
 counter.inc(1)
 return Response(generate_latest(counter), mimetype='text/plain')

if __name__ == '__main__':
 app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

访问 http://127.0.0.1:5000/metrics,浏览器输出:

# HELP my_counter_total an example showed how to use counter
# TYPE my_counter_total counter
my_counter_total 6.0
# HELP my_counter_created an example showed how to use counter
# TYPE my_counter_created gauge
my_counter_created 1.5932468510424378e+09

在定义 counter 指标时,可以定义其 label 标签:

counter = Counter('my_counter', 'an example showed how to use counter', ['machine_ip'])

在使用时指定标签的值:

counter.labels('127.0.0.1').inc(1)

这时浏览器会将标签输出:

my_counter_total{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.0

Gauge

Gauge 指标可增可减,例如,并发请求数量,cpu 占用率,等。

可以使用 Gauge 定义一个 gauge 指标:

registry = CollectorRegistry()
gauge = Gauge('my_gauge', 'an example showed how to use gauge', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry)

为使得 /metrics 接口返回多个指标,我们引入了 CollectorRegistry ,并设置 gauge 的 registry 属性。

使用 set 方法设置 gauge 指标的值:

gauge.labels('127.0.0.1').set(2)

访问 http://127.0.0.1:5000/metrics,浏览器增加输出:

# HELP my_gauge an example showed how to use gauge
# TYPE my_gauge gauge
my_gauge{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 2.0

Histogram

Histogram 用于统计样本数值落在不同的桶(buckets)里面的数量。例如,统计应用程序的响应时间,可以使用 histogram 指标类型。

使用 Histogram 定义一个 historgram 指标:

buckets = (100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 3000, 10000, float('inf'))
histogram = Histogram('my_histogram', 'an example showed how to use histogram', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry, buckets=buckets)

如果我们不使用默认的 buckets,可以指定一个自定义的 buckets,如上面的代码所示。

使用 observe() 方法设置 histogram 的值:

histogram.labels('127.0.0.1').observe(1001)

访问 /metrics 接口,输出:

# HELP my_histogram an example showed how to use histogram
# TYPE my_histogram histogram
my_histogram_bucket{le="100.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 0.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="200.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 0.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="300.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 0.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="500.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 0.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="1000.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 0.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="3000.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="10000.0",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.0
my_histogram_bucket{le="+Inf",machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.0
my_histogram_count{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.0
my_histogram_sum{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1001.0
# HELP my_histogram_created an example showed how to use histogram
# TYPE my_histogram_created gauge
my_histogram_created{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.593260699767071e+09

由于我们设置了 histogram 的样本值为 1001,可以看到,从 3000 开始,xxx_bucket 的值为 1。由于只设置一个样本值,故 my_histogram_count 为 1 ,且样本总数 my_histogram_sum 为 1001。
读者可以自行试验几次,慢慢体会 histogram 指标的使用,远比看网上的文章理解得快。

Summary

Summary 和 histogram 类型类似,可用于统计数据的分布情况。

定义 summary 指标:

summary = Summary('my_summary', 'an example showed how to use summary', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry)

设置 summary 指标的值:

summary.labels('127.0.0.1').observe(randint(1, 10))

访问 /metrics 接口,输出:

# HELP my_summary an example showed how to use summary
# TYPE my_summary summary
my_summary_count{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 4.0
my_summary_sum{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 16.0
# HELP my_summary_created an example showed how to use summary
# TYPE my_summary_created gauge
my_summary_created{machine_ip="127.0.0.1"} 1.593263241728389e+09

附:完整源代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from random import randint
from flask import Flask, Response
from prometheus_client import Counter, Gauge, Histogram, Summary,  generate_latest, CollectorRegistry
app = Flask(__name__)
registry = CollectorRegistry()
counter = Counter('my_counter', 'an example showed how to use counter', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry)
gauge = Gauge('my_gauge', 'an example showed how to use gauge', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry)
buckets = (100, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 3000, 10000, float('inf'))
histogram = Histogram('my_histogram', 'an example showed how to use histogram',
  ['machine_ip'], registry=registry, buckets=buckets)
summary = Summary('my_summary', 'an example showed how to use summary', ['machine_ip'], registry=registry)

@app.route('/metrics')
def hello():
 counter.labels('127.0.0.1').inc(1)
 gauge.labels('127.0.0.1').set(2)
 histogram.labels('127.0.0.1').observe(1001)
 summary.labels('127.0.0.1').observe(randint(1, 10))
 return Response(generate_latest(registry), mimetype='text/plain')

if __name__ == '__main__':
 app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

参考资料

https://github.com/prometheus/client_python
https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/
https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/writing_clientlibs/
https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exporters/
https://pypi.org/project/prometheus-client/
https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/
http://www.coderdocument.com/docs/prometheus/v2.14/best_practices/histogram_and_summary.html
https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/

总结