本篇博文主要讲解Python爬虫实例，重点包括爬虫技术架构，组成爬虫的关键模块：URL管理器、HTML下载器和HTML解析器。
爬虫简单架构
程序入口函数(爬虫调度段)
#coding:utf8
import time, datetime
from maya_Spider import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser, html_outputer
class Spider_Main(object):
#初始化操作
def __init__(self):
#设置url管理器
self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
#设置HTML下载器
self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
#设置HTML解析器
self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
#设置HTML输出器
self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()
#爬虫调度程序
def craw(self, root_url):
count = 1
self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
while self.urls.has_new_url():
try:
new_url = self.urls.get_new_url()
print('craw %d : %s' % (count, new_url))
html_content = self.downloader.download(new_url)
new_urls, new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url, html_content)
self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls)
self.outputer.collect_data(new_data)
if count == 10:
break
count = count + 1
except:
print('craw failed')
self.outputer.output_html()
if __name__ == '__main__':
#设置爬虫入口
root_url = 'http://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm'
#开始时间
print('开始计时..............')
start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
obj_spider = Spider_Main()
obj_spider.craw(root_url)
#结束时间
end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
print('总用时：%ds'% (end_time - start_time).seconds)
URL管理器
class UrlManager(object): def __init__(self): self.new_urls = set() self.old_urls = set() def add_new_url(self, url): if url is None: return if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls: self.new_urls.add(url) def add_new_urls(self, urls): if urls is None or len(urls) == 0: return for url in urls: self.add_new_url(url) def has_new_url(self): return len(self.new_urls) != 0 def get_new_url(self): new_url = self.new_urls.pop() self.old_urls.add(new_url) return new_url
网页下载器
import urllib
import urllib.request
class HtmlDownloader(object):
def download(self, url):
if url is None:
return None
#伪装成浏览器访问，直接访问的话csdn会拒绝
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
headers = {'User-Agent':user_agent}
#构造请求
req = urllib.request.Request(url,headers=headers)
#访问页面
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
#python3中urllib.read返回的是bytes对象，不是string,得把它转换成string对象，用bytes.decode方法
return response.read().decode()
网页解析器
import re
import urllib
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
class HtmlParser(object):
def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup):
new_urls = set()
#/view/123.htm
links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r'/item/.*"lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"><h1>Python</h1>获得标题标签
title_node = soup.find('dd', class_="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title").find('h1')
print(str(title_node.get_text()))
res_data['title'] = str(title_node.get_text())
#<div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">
summary_node = soup.find('div', class_="lemma-summary")
res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()
return res_data
def parse(self, page_url, html_content):
if page_url is None or html_content is None:
return None
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8')
new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup)
new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup)
return new_urls, new_data
网页输出器
class HtmlOutputer(object):
def __init__(self):
self.datas = []
def collect_data(self, data):
if data is None:
return
self.datas.append(data )
def output_html(self):
fout = open('maya.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
fout.write("<head><meta http-equiv='content-type' content='text/html;charset=utf-8'></head>")
fout.write('<html>')
fout.write('<body>')
fout.write('<table border="1">')
# <th width="5%">Url</th>
fout.write('''<tr style="color:red" width="90%">
<th>Theme</th>
<th width="80%">Content</th>
</tr>''')
for data in self.datas:
fout.write('<tr>\n')
# fout.write('\t<td>%s</td>' % data['url'])
fout.write('\t<td align="center"><a href=\'%s\'>%s</td>' % (data['url'], data['title']))
fout.write('\t<td>%s</td>\n' % data['summary'])
fout.write('</tr>\n')
fout.write('</table>')
fout.write('</body>')
fout.write('</html>')
fout.close()
运行结果
附：完整代码
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