聚类是一种无监督的学习，将相似的对象放到同一簇中，有点像是全自动分类，簇内的对象越相似，簇间的对象差别越大，则聚类效果越好。
1、k均值聚类算法
k均值聚类将数据分为k个簇，每个簇通过其质心，即簇中所有点的中心来描述。首先随机确定k个初始点作为质心，然后将数据集分配到距离最近的簇中。然后将每个簇的质心更新为所有数据集的平均值。然后再进行第二次划分数据集，直到聚类结果不再变化为止。
伪代码为
随机创建k个簇质心
当任意一个点的簇分配发生改变时：
对数据集中的每个数据点：
对每个质心：
计算数据集到质心的距离
将数据集分配到最近距离质心对应的簇
对每一个簇，计算簇中所有点的均值并将均值作为质心
python实现
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def loadDataSet(fileName):
dataMat = []
with open(fileName) as f:
for line in f.readlines():
line = line.strip().split('\t')
dataMat.append(line)
dataMat = np.array(dataMat).astype(np.float32)
return dataMat
def distEclud(vecA,vecB):
return np.sqrt(np.sum(np.power((vecA-vecB),2)))
def randCent(dataSet,k):
m = np.shape(dataSet)[1]
center = np.mat(np.ones((k,m)))
for i in range(m):
centmin = min(dataSet[:,i])
centmax = max(dataSet[:,i])
center[:,i] = centmin + (centmax - centmin) * np.random.rand(k,1)
return center
def kMeans(dataSet,k,distMeans = distEclud,createCent = randCent):
m = np.shape(dataSet)[0]
clusterAssment = np.mat(np.zeros((m,2)))
centroids = createCent(dataSet,k)
clusterChanged = True
while clusterChanged:
clusterChanged = False
for i in range(m):
minDist = np.inf
minIndex = -1
for j in range(k):
distJI = distMeans(dataSet[i,:],centroids[j,:])
if distJI < minDist:
minDist = distJI
minIndex = j
if clusterAssment[i,0] != minIndex:
clusterChanged = True
clusterAssment[i,:] = minIndex,minDist**2
for cent in range(k):
ptsInClust = dataSet[np.nonzero(clusterAssment[:,0].A == cent)[0]]
centroids[cent,:] = np.mean(ptsInClust,axis = 0)
return centroids,clusterAssment
data = loadDataSet('testSet.txt')
muCentroids, clusterAssing = kMeans(data,4)
fig = plt.figure(0)
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.scatter(data[:,0],data[:,1],c = clusterAssing[:,0].A)
plt.show()
print(clusterAssing)
2、二分k均值算法
K均值算法可能会收敛到局部最小值，而非全局最小。一种用于度量聚类效果的指标为误差平方和（SSE）。因为取了平方，更加重视原理中心的点。为了克服k均值算法可能会收敛到局部最小值的问题，有人提出来二分k均值算法。
首先将所有点作为一个簇，然后将该簇一分为二，然后选择所有簇中对其划分能够最大程度减低SSE的值的簇，直到满足指定簇数为止。
伪代码
将所有点看成一个簇
计算SSE
while 当簇数目小于k时：
for 每一个簇：
计算总误差
在给定的簇上进行k均值聚类(k=2)
计算将该簇一分为二的总误差
选择使得误差最小的那个簇进行划分操作
python实现
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def loadDataSet(fileName):
dataMat = []
with open(fileName) as f:
for line in f.readlines():
line = line.strip().split('\t')
dataMat.append(line)
dataMat = np.array(dataMat).astype(np.float32)
return dataMat
def distEclud(vecA,vecB):
return np.sqrt(np.sum(np.power((vecA-vecB),2)))
def randCent(dataSet,k):
m = np.shape(dataSet)[1]
center = np.mat(np.ones((k,m)))
for i in range(m):
centmin = min(dataSet[:,i])
centmax = max(dataSet[:,i])
center[:,i] = centmin + (centmax - centmin) * np.random.rand(k,1)
return center
def kMeans(dataSet,k,distMeans = distEclud,createCent = randCent):
m = np.shape(dataSet)[0]
clusterAssment = np.mat(np.zeros((m,2)))
centroids = createCent(dataSet,k)
clusterChanged = True
while clusterChanged:
clusterChanged = False
for i in range(m):
minDist = np.inf
minIndex = -1
for j in range(k):
distJI = distMeans(dataSet[i,:],centroids[j,:])
if distJI < minDist:
minDist = distJI
minIndex = j
if clusterAssment[i,0] != minIndex:
clusterChanged = True
clusterAssment[i,:] = minIndex,minDist**2
for cent in range(k):
ptsInClust = dataSet[np.nonzero(clusterAssment[:,0].A == cent)[0]]
centroids[cent,:] = np.mean(ptsInClust,axis = 0)
return centroids,clusterAssment
def biKmeans(dataSet,k,distMeans = distEclud):
m = np.shape(dataSet)[0]
clusterAssment = np.mat(np.zeros((m,2)))
centroid0 = np.mean(dataSet,axis=0).tolist()
centList = [centroid0]
for j in range(m):
clusterAssment[j,1] = distMeans(dataSet[j,:],np.mat(centroid0))**2
while (len(centList)<k):
lowestSSE = np.inf
for i in range(len(centList)):
ptsInCurrCluster = dataSet[np.nonzero(clusterAssment[:,0].A == i)[0],:]
centroidMat,splitClustAss = kMeans(ptsInCurrCluster,2,distMeans)
sseSplit = np.sum(splitClustAss[:,1])
sseNotSplit = np.sum(clusterAssment[np.nonzero(clusterAssment[:,0].A != i)[0],1])
if (sseSplit + sseNotSplit) < lowestSSE:
bestCentToSplit = i
bestNewCents = centroidMat.copy()
bestClustAss = splitClustAss.copy()
lowestSSE = sseSplit + sseNotSplit
print('the best cent to split is ',bestCentToSplit)
# print('the len of the bestClust')
bestClustAss[np.nonzero(bestClustAss[:,0].A == 1)[0],0] = len(centList)
bestClustAss[np.nonzero(bestClustAss[:,0].A == 0)[0],0] = bestCentToSplit
clusterAssment[np.nonzero(clusterAssment[:,0].A == bestCentToSplit)[0],:] = bestClustAss.copy()
centList[bestCentToSplit] = bestNewCents[0,:].tolist()[0]
centList.append(bestNewCents[1,:].tolist()[0])
return np.mat(centList),clusterAssment
data = loadDataSet('testSet2.txt')
muCentroids, clusterAssing = biKmeans(data,3)
fig = plt.figure(0)
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.scatter(data[:,0],data[:,1],c = clusterAssing[:,0].A,cmap=plt.cm.Paired)
ax.scatter(muCentroids[:,0],muCentroids[:,1])
plt.show()
print(clusterAssing)
print(muCentroids)
代码及数据集下载：K-means
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