序列化Serialization
1. 设置一个新的环境
在我们开始之前, 我们首先使用virtualenv要创建一个新的虚拟环境,以使我们的配置和我们的其他项目配置彻底分开。
$mkdir ~/env $virtualenv ~/env/tutorial $source ~/env/tutorial/bin/avtivate
现在我们处在一个虚拟的环境中,开始安装我们的依赖包
$pip install django $pip install djangorestframework $pip install pygments ////使用这个包,做代码高亮显示
需要退出虚拟环境时,运行deactivate。更多信息,irtualenv document
2. 开始
环境准备好只好,我们开始创建我们的项目
$ cd ~ $ django-admin.py startproject tutorial $ cd tutorial
项目创建好后,我们再创建一个简单的app
$python manage.py startapp snippets
我们使用sqlite3来运行我们的项目tutorial,编辑tutorial/settings.py, 将数据库的默认引擎engine改为sqlite3, 数据库的名字NAME改为tmp.db
DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': 'tmp.db', 'USER': '', 'PASSWORD': '', 'HOST': '', 'PORT': '', } }
同时更改settings.py文件中的INSTALLD_APPS,添加我们的APP snippets和rest_framework
INSTALLED_APPS = ( ... 'rest_framework', 'snippets', )
在tutorial/urls.py中,将snippets app的url包含进来
urlpatterns = patterns('', url(r'^', include('snippets.urls')), )
3. 创建Model
这里我们创建一个简单的nippets model,目的是用来存储代码片段。
from django.db import models from pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers from pygments.styles import get_all_styles LEXERS = [item for item in get_all_lexers() if item[1]] LANGUAGE_CHOICES = sorted([(item[1][0], item[0]) for item in LEXERS]) STYLE_CHOICES = sorted((item, item) for item in get_all_styles()) class Snippet(models.Model): created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) title = models.CharField(max_length=100, default='') code = models.TextField() linenos = models.BooleanField(default=False) language = models.CharField(choices=LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python', max_length=100) style = models.CharField(choices=STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly', max_length=100) class Meta: ordering = ('created',)
完成model时,记得sync下数据库
python manage.py syncdb
4. 创建序列化类
我们要使用我们的web api,要做的第一件事就是序列化和反序列化, 以便snippets实例能转换为可表述的内容,例如json. 我们声明一个可有效工作的串行器serializer。在snippets目录下面,该串行器与django 的表单形式很类似。创建一个serializers.py ,并将下面内容拷贝到文件中。
from django.forms import widgets from rest_framework import serializers from snippets.models import Snippet class SnippetSerializer(serializers.Serializer): pk = serializers.Field() # Note: `Field` is an untyped read-only field. title = serializers.CharField(required=False, max_length=100) code = serializers.CharField(widget=widgets.Textarea, max_length=100000) linenos = serializers.BooleanField(required=False) language = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=models.LANGUAGE_CHOICES, default='python') style = serializers.ChoiceField(choices=models.STYLE_CHOICES, default='friendly') def restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None): """ Create or update a new snippet instance. """ if instance: # Update existing instance instance.title = attrs['title'] instance.code = attrs['code'] instance.linenos = attrs['linenos'] instance.language = attrs['language'] instance.style = attrs['style'] return instance # Create new instance return Snippet(**attrs)
该序列化类的前面部分,定义了要序列化和反序列化的类型,restore_object 方法定义了如何通过反序列化数据,生成正确的对象实例。
我们也可以使用ModelSerializer来快速生成,后面我们将节省如何使用它。
5. 使用 Serializers
在我们使用我们定义的SnippetsSerializers之前,我们先熟悉下Snippets.
$python manage.py shell
进入shell终端后,输入以下代码:
from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser snippet = Snippet(code='print "hello, world"\n') snippet.save()
我们现在获得了一个Snippets的实例,现在我们对他进行以下序列化
serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) serializer.data # {'pk': 1, 'title': u'', 'code': u'print "hello, world"\n', 'linenos': False, 'language': u'python', 'style': u'friendly'}
这时,我们将该实例转成了python原生的数据类型。下面我们将该数据转换成json格式,以完成序列化:
content = JSONRenderer().render(serializer.data) content # '{"pk": 1, "title": "", "code": "print \\"hello, world\\"\\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}'
反序列化也很简单,首先我们要将一个输入流(content),转换成python的原生数据类型
import StringIO stream = StringIO.StringIO(content) data = JSONParser().parse(stream)
然后我们将该原生数据类型,转换成对象实例
serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data) serializer.is_valid() # True serializer.object # <Snippet: Snippet object>
注意这些API和django表单的相似处。这些相似点, 在我们讲述在view中使用serializers时将更加明显。
6. 使用 ModelSerializers
SnippetSerializer使用了许多和Snippet中相同的代码。如果我们能把这部分代码去掉,看上去将更佳简洁。
类似与django提供Form类和ModelForm类,Rest Framework也包含了Serializer 类和 ModelSerializer类。
打开snippets/serializers.py ,修改SnippetSerializer类:
class SnippetSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Snippet fields = ('id', 'title', 'code', 'linenos', 'language', 'style')
7. 通过Serializer编写Django View
让我们来看一下,如何通过我们创建的serializer类编写django view。这里我们不使用rest framework的其他特性,仅编写正常的django view。
我们创建一个HttpResponse 子类,这样我们可以将我们返回的任何数据转换成json。
在snippet/views.py中添加以下内容:
from django.http import HttpResponse from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer class JSONResponse(HttpResponse): """ An HttpResponse that renders it's content into JSON. """ def __init__(self, data, **kwargs): content = JSONRenderer().render(data) kwargs['content_type'] = 'application/json' super(JSONResponse, self).__init__(content, **kwargs)
我们API的目的是,可以通过view来列举全部的Snippet的内容,或者创建一个新的snippet
@csrf_exempt def snippet_list(request): """ List all code snippets, or create a new snippet. """ if request.method == 'GET': snippets = Snippet.objects.all() serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets) return JSONResponse(serializer.data) elif request.method == 'POST': data = JSONParser().parse(request) serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=data) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return JSONResponse(serializer.data, status=201) else: return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400)
注意,因为我们要通过client向该view post一个请求,所以我们要将该view 标注为csrf_exempt, 以说明不是一个CSRF事件。
Note that because we want to be able to POST to this view from clients that won't have a CSRF token we need to mark the view as csrf_exempt. This isn't something that you'd normally want to do, and REST framework views actually use more sensible behavior than this, but it'll do for our purposes right now.
我们也需要一个view来操作一个单独的Snippet,以便能更新/删除该对象。
@csrf_exempt def snippet_detail(request, pk): """ Retrieve, update or delete a code snippet. """ try: snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk) except Snippet.DoesNotExist: return HttpResponse(status=404) if request.method == 'GET': serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) return JSONResponse(serializer.data) elif request.method == 'PUT': data = JSONParser().parse(request) serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=data) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return JSONResponse(serializer.data) else: return JSONResponse(serializer.errors, status=400) elif request.method == 'DELETE': snippet.delete() return HttpResponse(status=204)
将views.py保存,在Snippets目录下面创建urls.py,添加以下内容:
urlpatterns = patterns('snippets.views', url(r'^snippets/$', 'snippet_list'), url(r'^snippets/("htmlcode">quit()执行下面的命令, 运行我们的server:
python manage.py runserver Validating models... 0 errors found Django version 1.4.3, using settings 'tutorial.settings' Development server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C.新开一个terminal来测试我们的server
序列化:
url http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/ [{"id": 1, "title": "", "code": "print \"hello, world\"\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}] url http://127.0.0.1:8000/snippets/1/ {"id": 1, "title": "", "code": "print \"hello, world\"\n", "linenos": false, "language": "python", "style": "friendly"}
Request and Response
1. Request Object ——Request对象rest framework 引入了一个继承自HttpRequest的Request对象,该对象提供了对请求的更灵活解析。request对象的核心部分是request.data属性,类似于request.post, 但在使用WEB API时,request.data更有效。
(1)request.POST # Only handles form data. Only works for 'POST' method.
(2)request.DATA # Handles arbitrary data. Works any HTTP request with content.
2. Response Object ——Response对象
rest framework引入了一个Response 对象,它继承自TemplateResponse对象。它获得未渲染的内容并通过内容协商content negotiation 来决定正确的content type返回给client。return Response(data) # Renders to content type as requested by the client.
3. Status Codes
在views当中使用数字化的HTTP状态码,会使你的代码不宜阅读,且不容易发现代码中的错误。rest framework为每个状态码提供了更明确的标识。例如HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST。相比于使用数字,在整个views中使用这类标识符将更好。
4. 封装API views在编写API views时,REST Framework提供了两种wrappers:
1). @api_viwe 装饰器 ——函数级别
2). APIView 类——类级别
这两种封装器提供了许多功能,例如,确保在view当中能够接收到Request实例;往Response中增加内容以便内容协商content negotiation 机制能够执行。
封装器也提供一些行为,例如在适当的时候返回405 Methord Not Allowed响应;在访问多类型的输入request.DATA时,处理任何的ParseError异常。
5. 汇总我们开始用这些新的组件来写一些views。
我们不在需要JESONResponse 类(在前一篇中创建),将它删除。删除后我们开始稍微重构下我们的view
from rest_framework import status from rest_framework.decorators import api_view from rest_framework.response import Response from snippets.models import Snippet from snippets.serializers import SnippetSerializer @api_view(['GET', 'POST']) def snippet_list(request): """ List all snippets, or create a new snippet. """ if request.method == 'GET': snippets = Snippet.objects.all() serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippets) return Response(serializer.data) elif request.method == 'POST': serializer = SnippetSerializer(data=request.DATA) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED) else: return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)上面的代码是对我们之前代码的改进。看上去更简洁,也更类似于django的forms api形式。我们也采用了状态码,使返回值更加明确。
下面是对单个snippet操作的view更新:@api_view(['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE']) def snippet_detail(request, pk): """ Retrieve, update or delete a snippet instance. """ try: snippet = Snippet.objects.get(pk=pk) except Snippet.DoesNotExist: return Response(status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND) if request.method == 'GET': serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet) return Response(serializer.data) elif request.method == 'PUT': serializer = SnippetSerializer(snippet, data=request.DATA) if serializer.is_valid(): serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data) else: return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) elif request.method == 'DELETE': snippet.delete() return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)注意,我们并没有明确的要求requests或者responses给出content type。request.DATA可以处理输入的json请求,也可以输入yaml和其他格式。类似的在response返回数据时,REST Framework返回正确的content type给client。
6. 给URLs增加可选的格式后缀
利用在response时不需要指定content type这一事实,我们在API端增加格式的后缀。使用格式后缀,可以明确的指出使用某种格式,意味着我们的API可以处理类似http://example.com/api/items/4.json.的URL。
增加format参数在views中,如:
def snippet_list(request, format=None): and def snippet_detail(request, pk, format=None):现在稍微改动urls.py文件,在现有的URLs中添加一个格式后缀pattterns (format_suffix_patterns):
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url from rest_framework.urlpatterns import format_suffix_patterns urlpatterns = patterns('snippets.views', url(r'^snippets/$', 'snippet_list'), url(r'^snippets/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)$', 'snippet_detail'), ) urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns(urlpatterns)这些额外的url patterns并不是必须的。