在Python的Flask框架中验证注册用户的Email的方法

$ pip install -r requirements.txt
$ export APP_SETTINGS="project.config.DevelopmentConfig"
$ python manage.py create_db
$ python manage.py db init
$ python manage.py db migrate
$ python manage.py create_admin
$ python manage.py runserver

class User(db.Model):
 
 __tablename__ = "users"
 
 id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
 email = db.Column(db.String, unique=True, nullable=False)
 password = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
 registered_on = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False)
 admin = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
 confirmed = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
 confirmed_on = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=True)
 
 def __init__(self, email, password, confirmed,
   paid=False, admin=False, confirmed_on=None):
 self.email = email
 self.password = bcrypt.generate_password_hash(password)
 self.registered_on = datetime.datetime.now()
 self.admin = admin
 self.confirmed = confirmed
 self.confirmed_on = confirmed_on

@manager.command
def create_admin():
 """Creates the admin user."""
 db.session.add(User(
 email="ad@min.com",
 password="admin",
 admin=True,
 confirmed=True,
 confirmed_on=datetime.datetime.now())
 )
 db.session.commit()

$ python manage.py create_db
$ python manage.py db init
$ python manage.py db migrate
$ python manage.py create_admin

user = User(
 email=form.email.data,
 password=form.password.data
)

user = User(
 email=form.email.data,
 password=form.password.data,
 confirmed=False
)

# project/token.py
 
from itsdangerous import URLSafeTimedSerializer
 
from project import app
 
def generate_confirmation_token(email):
 serializer = URLSafeTimedSerializer(app.config['SECRET_KEY'])
 return serializer.dumps(email, salt=app.config['SECURITY_PASSWORD_SALT'])
 
def confirm_token(token, expiration=3600):
 serializer = URLSafeTimedSerializer(app.config['SECRET_KEY'])
 try:
 email = serializer.loads(
  token,
  salt=app.config['SECURITY_PASSWORD_SALT'],
  max_age=expiration
 )
 except:
 return False
 return email

SECURITY_PASSWORD_SALT = 'my_precious_two'

@user_blueprint.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
 form = RegisterForm(request.form)
 if form.validate_on_submit():
 user = User(
  email=form.email.data,
  password=form.password.data,
  confirmed=False
 )
 db.session.add(user)
 db.session.commit()
 
 token = generate_confirmation_token(user.email)

from project.token import generate_confirmation_token, confirm_token

@user_blueprint.route('/confirm/<token>')
@login_required
def confirm_email(token):
 try:
 email = confirm_token(token)
 except:
 flash('The confirmation link is invalid or has expired.', 'danger')
 user = User.query.filter_by(email=email).first_or_404()
 if user.confirmed:
 flash('Account already confirmed. Please login.', 'success')
 else:
 user.confirmed = True
 user.confirmed_on = datetime.datetime.now()
 db.session.add(user)
 db.session.commit()
 flash('You have confirmed your account. Thanks!', 'success')
 return redirect(url_for('main.home'))

<p>Welcome! Thanks for signing up. Please follow this link to activate your account:</p>
<p><a href="{{ confirm_url }}">{{ confirm_url }}</a></p>
<br>
<p>Cheers!</p>

# project/email.py
 
from flask.ext.mail import Message
 
from project import app, mail
 
def send_email(to, subject, template):
 msg = Message(
 subject,
 recipients=[to],
 html=template,
 sender=app.config['MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER']
 )
 mail.send(msg)

@user_blueprint.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
 form = RegisterForm(request.form)
 if form.validate_on_submit():
 user = User(
  email=form.email.data,
  password=form.password.data,
  confirmed=False
 )
 db.session.add(user)
 db.session.commit()
 
 token = generate_confirmation_token(user.email)
 confirm_url = url_for('user.confirm_email', token=token, _external=True)
 html = render_template('user/activate.html', confirm_url=confirm_url)
 subject = "Please confirm your email"
 send_email(user.email, subject, html)
 
 login_user(user)
 
 flash('A confirmation email has been sent via email.', 'success')
 return redirect(url_for("main.home"))
 
 return render_template('user/register.html', form=form)

class BaseConfig(object):
 """Base configuration."""
 
 # main config
 SECRET_KEY = 'my_precious'
 SECURITY_PASSWORD_SALT = 'my_precious_two'
 DEBUG = False
 BCRYPT_LOG_ROUNDS = 13
 WTF_CSRF_ENABLED = True
 DEBUG_TB_ENABLED = False
 DEBUG_TB_INTERCEPT_REDIRECTS = False
 
 # mail settings
 MAIL_SERVER = 'smtp.googlemail.com'
 MAIL_PORT = 465
 MAIL_USE_TLS = False
 MAIL_USE_SSL = True
 
 # gmail authentication
 MAIL_USERNAME = os.environ['APP_MAIL_USERNAME']
 MAIL_PASSWORD = os.environ['APP_MAIL_PASSWORD']
 
 # mail accounts
 MAIL_DEFAULT_SENDER = 'from@example.com'

$ export APP_MAIL_USERNAME="foo"
$ export APP_MAIL_PASSWORD="bar"

@user_blueprint.route('/unconfirmed')
@login_required
def unconfirmed():
 if current_user.confirmed:
 return redirect('main.home')
 flash('Please confirm your account!', 'warning')
 return render_template('user/unconfirmed.html')

{% extends "_base.html" %}
 
{% block content %}
 
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<br>
<p>You have not confirmed your account. Please check your inbox (and your spam folder) - you should have received an email with a confirmation link.</p>
<p>Didn't get the email"htmlcode">

return redirect(url_for("main.home"))



变成：


return redirect(url_for("user.unconfirmed"))



所以，送完验证email后，用户会进入/unconfirmed路径。
创建装饰器


# project/decorators.py
 
from functools import wraps
 
from flask import flash, redirect, url_for
from flask.ext.login import current_user
 
def check_confirmed(func):
 @wraps(func)
 def decorated_function(*args, **kwargs):
 if current_user.confirmed is False:
  flash('Please confirm your account!', 'warning')
  return redirect(url_for('user.unconfirmed'))
 return func(*args, **kwargs)
 
 return decorated_function



这里我们用一个基本函数去检查用户是否验证。如果未验证，用户会进入/unconfirmed路径。在“project”目录中，把这个存为decorators.py。
现在装饰 profile() 视图函数：


@user_blueprint.route('/profile', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
@login_required
@check_confirmed
def profile():
 ... snip ...



确保导入装饰器：


from project.decorators import check_confirmed



更新 navigation.html 模板
最后，更新navigation.html模板接下来的部分——
把：


<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
 {% if current_user.is_authenticated() %}
 <li><a href="{{ url_for('user.profile') }}">Profile</a></li>
 {% endif %}
</ul>



变成：


<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
 {% if current_user.confirmed and current_user.is_authenticated() %}
 <li><a href="{{ url_for('user.profile') }}">Profile</a></li>
 {% elif current_user.is_authenticated() %}
 <li><a href="{{ url_for('user.unconfirmed') }}">Confirm</a></li>
 {% endif %}
</ul>



又该测试了！
第二次测试
打开应用，再次用能登陆的email地址注册。（可以随便从数据库删除你之前注册的老用户，这样可以再用一遍）现在，注册完会转入http://localhost:5000/unconfirmed。
确保测试了http://localhost:5000/profile路径。这会使你转到http://localhost:5000/unconfirmed。
验证email，你就会有完整页面的权限了。快去把！
重寄送email
最后，来做重新寄送的链接。增加下面的视图函数到project/user/views.py：


@user_blueprint.route('/resend')
@login_required
def resend_confirmation():
 token = generate_confirmation_token(current_user.email)
 confirm_url = url_for('user.confirm_email', token=token, _external=True)
 html = render_template('user/activate.html', confirm_url=confirm_url)
 subject = "Please confirm your email"
 send_email(current_user.email, subject, html)
 flash('A new confirmation email has been sent.', 'success')
 return redirect(url_for('user.unconfirmed'))



现在更新unconfirmed.html 模板：


{% extends "_base.html" %}
 
{% block content %}
 
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<br>
<p>You have not confirmed your account. Please check your inbox (and your spam folder) - you should have received an email with a confirmation link.</p>
<p>Didn't get the email"htmlcode">

$ python manage.py test



你会看到下面的错误：


TypeError: __init__() takes at least 4 arguments (3 given)



要去改正它，只需要在project/util.py中更新setUp()方法：


def setUp(self):
 db.create_all()
 user = User(email="ad@min.com", password="admin_user", confirmed=False)
 db.session.add(user)
 db.session.commit()




测试之前，在tests/test_models.py中，注释一下test_user_registration()测试，因为我们不想为了这个测试真 的发送一封邮件。
现在再测试一下。应该全能通过！
结论
还可以做更多的：

  
富文本 vs. 纯文本email——应该都寄出。
  
重设定密码email——当用户忘记密码时，这些应该被寄出。
  
用户管理——应该允许用户更新email和密码，当email变了的话，应该重新验证一遍。
  
测试——需要写更多测试来涉及更多新功能，包含用mock/patch更新的test_user_registration()，来防止实际email被发送。