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bug分支和feature分支_动力节点Java学院整理

软件开发中,bug就像家常便饭一样。有了bug就需要修复,在Git中,由于分支是如此的强大,所以,每个bug都可以通过一个新的临时分支来修复,修复后,合并分支,然后将临时分支删除。

当你接到一个修复一个代号101的bug的任务时,很自然地,你想创建一个分支issue-101来修复它,但是,等等,当前正在dev上进行的工作还没有提交:

$ git status
# On branch dev
# Changes to be committed:
#  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#    new file:  hello.py
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#    modified:  readme.txt
#

并不是你不想提交,而是工作只进行到一半,还没法提交,预计完成还需1天时间。但是,必须在两个小时内修复该bug,怎么办?

幸好,Git还提供了一个stash功能,可以把当前工作现场“储藏”起来,等以后恢复现场后继续工作:

$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge
HEAD is now at 6224937 add merge

现在,用git status查看工作区,就是干净的(除非有没有被Git管理的文件),因此可以放心地创建分支来修复bug。

首先确定要在哪个分支上修复bug,假定需要在master分支上修复,就从master创建临时分支:

$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits.
$ git checkout -b issue-101
Switched to a new branch 'issue-101'

现在修复bug,需要把“Git is free software ...”改为“Git is a free software ...”,然后提交:

$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "fix bug 101"
[issue-101 cc17032] fix bug 101
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

修复完成后,切换到master分支,并完成合并,最后删除issue-101分支:

$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
$ git merge --no-ff -m "merged bug fix 101" issue-101
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 readme.txt |  2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
$ git branch -d issue-101
Deleted branch issue-101 (was cc17032).

太棒了,原计划两个小时的bug修复只花了5分钟!现在,是时候接着回到dev分支干活了!

$ git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'
$ git status
# On branch dev
nothing to commit (working directory clean)

工作区是干净的,刚才的工作现场存到哪去了?用git stash list命令看看:

$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge

工作现场还在,Git把stash内容存在某个地方了,但是需要恢复一下,有两个办法:

一是用git stash apply恢复,但是恢复后,stash内容并不删除,你需要用git stash drop来删除;

另一种方式是用git stash pop,恢复的同时把stash内容也删了:

$ git stash pop
# On branch dev
# Changes to be committed:
#  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#    new file:  hello.py
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#    modified:  readme.txt
#
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (f624f8e5f082f2df2bed8a4e09c12fd2943bdd40)

再用git stash list查看,就看不到任何stash内容了:

$ git stash list

你可以多次stash,恢复的时候,先用git stash list查看,然后恢复指定的stash,用命令:

$ git stash apply stash@{0}

Feature分支

软件开发中,总有无穷无尽的新的功能要不断添加进来。

添加一个新功能时,你肯定不希望因为一些实验性质的代码,把主分支搞乱了,所以,每添加一个新功能,最好新建一个feature分支,在上面开发,完成后,合并,最后,删除该feature分支。

现在,你终于接到了一个新任务:开发代号为Vulcan的新功能,该功能计划用于下一代星际飞船。

于是准备开发:

$ git checkout -b feature-vulcan
Switched to a new branch 'feature-vulcan'

5分钟后,开发完毕:

$ git add vulcan.py
$ git status
# On branch feature-vulcan
# Changes to be committed:
#  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#    new file:  vulcan.py
#
$ git commit -m "add feature vulcan"
[feature-vulcan 756d4af] add feature vulcan
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 vulcan.py

切回dev,准备合并:

$ git checkout dev

一切顺利的话,feature分支和bug分支是类似的,合并,然后删除。

但是,就在此时,接到上级命令,因经费不足,新功能必须取消!

虽然白干了,但是这个分支还是必须就地销毁:

$ git branch -d feature-vulcan
error: The branch 'feature-vulcan' is not fully merged.
If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D feature-vulcan'.

销毁失败。Git友情提醒,feature-vulcan分支还没有被合并,如果删除,将丢失掉修改,如果要强行删除,需要使用命令git branch -D feature-vulcan。

现在我们强行删除:

$ git branch -D feature-vulcan
Deleted branch feature-vulcan (was 756d4af).

终于删除成功!